So much so, in fact, that many of the prominent Parisian dealers, such as Adolphe Goupil and Paul Durand-Ruel, opened additional galleries in New York to meet the demand. These beautiful, optimistic depictions of modern life are also well-suited to cross-disciplinary collectors who are looking for decorative works, and new collectors who are looking for an entry point into the category.
Who were the most prominent artists of the period? Where can new collectors find out more? Related auctions Follow. As a result, work became monotonous and the workers discontented. Partially, this could be compensated by a considerable economic expansion and general prosperity; e.
Under these circumstances, the working class began to organise itself: Between and , in all countries, the foundation of trade unions and socialist labour parties , like the French PSU, the German SPD, the British Labour Party, took place. Until , these parties got a considerable political influence and partly even participation in power. Many states made great efforts to laicise their institutions ; e. Formation was promoted as well; in the German Empire, there was an increasing number of students from the lower middle class.
During the seventies and eighties, for the first time women got the right to study at universities in France, Belgium, Switzerland, the Netherlands and the Scandinavian countries in Germany, during the reign of William II, the first woman was admitted in Baden in only. Since as a result of the industrialisation many women now also worked in factories, another result of it was the beginning of women's liberation movement : Industrial safety and equalisation were claimed for all professions.
Besides this, everywhere the right to vote and eligibility of women were claimed, too. The first state conceding the right to vote to women was Wyoming in , other American states followed the example — in Europe, before the First World War, only Finland in and Norway in restricted already in conceded to women the right to vote. A considerable merit of the scientific development and the cultural heyday had the European Jews. The XIXth century was the period of Jewish emancipation and assimilation.
Whereas, however, in Germany under William II and Austria under Francis Joseph, the military had a great political and social influence so that together with the upper and middle classes they were able to evoke a racist anti-Semitism , the Jews in France first had to suffer the setback of the Dreyfus affair which nevertheless — after the publishing of the scandal and the withdrawing of the verdict — resulted in a 'militant anti-militarism ' of the French society refusing any kind of anti-Semitism.
The end of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth century marks also the transition to the century of masses: the mass transport railway, underground , the mass education, the mass production, the mass accommodation, the mass distraction and media circus, cabaret, cinema , but also art for the masses. In principle, people living in this period were materially confident and culturally optimistic.
Art of any genre prospered like never before: From impressionism to Art Nouveau and cubism, from romantic until twelve-tone music, from romantic and lyric until political and socio-critical literature.
All social classes were seized by the feeling of a new start into better times, wanted to stop old-fashioned traditions, to participate in progress and to profit of their income. Hosting another World's Fair in , Paris seemed, indeed, the place to be. To be sure, there were less salutary aspects of this period: the Dreyfus Affair exposed the era's deep-seated anti- Semitism, which would have catastrophic consequences later in the 20th century.
While French imperialism, especially in Africa, brought new riches to the wealthy, the working classes remained largely impoverished.
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