Why need vitamin d

J Nutr ; Relative effectiveness of oral hydroxyvitamin D3 and vitamin D3 in raising wintertime serum hydroxyvitamin D in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr ; Assessing the vitamin D status of the US population. Vitamin D for milk and milk alternatives. January 4, Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central. Food labeling: Revision of the Nutrition and Supplement Facts labels. Federal Register 81 Hossein-nezhad A, Holick MF.

Vitamin D for health: A global perspective. Mayo Clin Proc ; Department of Health and Human Services. Washington, DC: U. Holick MF. Vitamin D: the underappreciated D-lightful hormone that is important for skeletal and cellular health. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes ; Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: review of cases reported between and Comparison of vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 supplementation in raising serum hydroxyvitamin D status: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Bioavailability of vitamin D2 and D3 in healthy volunteers, a randomised placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Endocrin Metab ; Long-term vitamin D3 supplementation is more effective than vitamin D2 in maintaining serum hydroxyvitamin D status over the winter months. Br J Nutr ; Supplemental hydroxycholecalciferol is more effective than cholecalciferol in raising serum hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in older adults.

Is calcifediol better than cholecalciferol for vitamin D supplementation? Osteoporos Int ; Dietary Supplement Label Database. Percent reporting and mean amounts of selected vitamins and minerals food and beverages and dietary supplements by gender and age, in the United States, Usual nutrient intake from foods and beverages, by gender and age. Trends in use of high-dose vitamin D supplements exceeding or International Units daily, JAMA ; The emerging issue of hydroxyvitamin D in foods.

Vitamin D status in the United States, Lancet ; Global consensus recommendations on prevention and management of nutritional rickets. Nutritional rickets and osteomalacia in the twenty-first century: Revised concepts, public health, and prevention strategies. Curr Osteoporos Rep ; Nutritional rickets among children in the United States: Review of cases reported between and Increasing incidence of nutritional rickets: A population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Vitamin D-deficiency rickets among children in Canada. CMAJ ; Vitamin D, cod-liver oil, sunlight, and rickets: A historical perspective.

Pediatrics ;e Nutritional rickets around the world: An update. Paediatr Int Child Health ; Clinical management of low vitamin D: A scoping review of physicians' practices. Nutrients Apr 16;10 4. Am J Med ; Considerations in dietetic counseling for vitamin D. J Acad Nutr Diet ; Screening for vitamin D deficiency: Systematic review for the U.

Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Evidence Synthesis Number June Picciano MF. Nutrient composition of human milk. Pediatr Clin North Am ; Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents.

Pediatrics ; Maternal vitamin D status: Effect on milk vitamin D content and vitamin D status of breastfeeding infants. Adv Nutr ; The 'sunshine vitamin': benefits beyond bone? J Natl Cancer Inst ; Adherence to vitamin D intake guidelines in the United States. Vitamin D synthesis following a single bout of sun exposure in older and younger men and women.

Nutrients ; 12, ; doi Vitamin D levels and deficiency with different occupations: A systematic review. BMC Public Health ; Vitamin D status in gastrointestinal and liver disease. Curr Opin Gastroenterol ; The importance of body weight for the dose response relationship of oral vitamin D supplementation and serum hydroxyvitamin D in healthy volunteers. Vitamin D metabolism in bariatric surgery.

Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am ; Vitamin D status and supplementation before and after bariatric surgery: A comprehensive literature review. Surg Obes Relat Dis ; Guidelines on vitamin D replacement in bariatric surgery? Identification and systematic appraisal. Metabolism ; Vitamin D and calcium: A systematic review of health outcomes update. September Jin, J.

Vitamin D and calcium supplements for preventing fractures. Osteoporosis Overview. Medicare cost of osteoporotic fractures. Milliman research report, August Vitamin D and calcium: A systematic review of health outcomes. Preventive Services Task Force. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults.

Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: Evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: Updated evidence report and systematic review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults.

Effects of vitamin D supplementation on musculoskeletal health: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol ; Vitamin D and bone density, fractures, and falls: The end of the story?

Vitamin D and calcium for the prevention of fracture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. A randomized controlled trial of vitamin D3 supplementation in African American women. Arch Intern Med ; J Am Geriatr Soc ; Cholecalciferol or hydroxycholecalciferol supplementation does not affect muscle strength and physical performance in prefrail and frail older adults.

The effect of vitamin D supplementation on lower-extremity power and function in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Vitamin D, calcium, and cancer: Approaching daylight?

Circulating hydroxyvitamin D serum concentration and total cancer incidence and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Medicine ; Nutrients ;11,; doi Vitamin D supplements and cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis. British Journal of Cancer ; Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Ann Oncol ; Vitamin D supplementation for prevention of cancer in adults. Vitamin D supplements and prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med The significance of vitamin D status in breast cancer: A state of the science review.

J Midwifery Womens Health ; Serum vitamin D and risk of breast cancer within five years. Environ Health Perspect ; 7 Prospective population-based study of the association between serum hydroxyvitamin-D levels and the incidence of specific types of cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev ; Association of serum level of vitamin D at diagnosis with breast cancer survival: A case-cohort analysis in the Pathways Study.

JAMA Oncol ; Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of colorectal cancer. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of breast cancer.

Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and health outcomes five years after active intervention ended: The Women's Health Initiative. J Womens Health , Circulating vitamin D and colorectal cancer risk: An international pooling project of 17 cohorts.

Calcium and vitamin D supplementation and increased risk of serrated polyps: Results from a randomised clinical trial. No association between vitamin D supplementation and risk of colorectal adenomas or serrated polyps in a randomized trial. Clin Gastroeterol Hepatol ; published online ahead of print.

No association between circulating concentrations of vitamin D and risk of lung cancer: An analysis in 20 prospective studies in the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium LC3. Circulating concentrations of vitamin D in relation to pancreatic cancer risk in European populations. Int J Cancer ; A prospective nested case-control study of vitamin D status and pancreatic cancer risk in male smokers. Cancer Res ; Am J Epidemiol ; Positive association between circulating hydroxyvitamin D levels and prostate cancer risk: New findings from an updated meta-analysis.

J Cancer Res Clin Oncol ; Serum hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and risk of prostate cancer: Results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Circulating hydroxyvitamin D concentration and risk of breast, prostate, and colorectal cancers: The Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Circulating vitamin D concentrations and risk of breast and prostate cancer: A Mendelian randomization study. International Journal of Epidemiology ; A collaborative analysis of individual participant data from 19 prospective studies assesses circulating vitamin D and prostate cancer risk.

Post-treatment levels of plasma and 1,dihydroxy vitamin D and mortality in men with aggressive prostate cancer. Scientific Reports ; Circulating vitamin D level and mortality in prostate cancer patients: A dose-response meta-analysis. Endocrine Connections ;7:R The effect of vitamin D supplementation on prostate cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Horm Metab Res ; Vitamin, mineral, and multivitamin supplements for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: U.

Role of vitamin D in atherosclerosis. Circulation ; Vitamin D and cardiovascular disease: Controversy unresolved. J Am Coll Cardiol ; Serum hydroxyvitamin D and the risk of cardiovascular disease: Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. A reverse J-shaped association between serum hydroxyvitamin D and cardiovascular disease mortality: The CopD study. J Clin Endorcinol Metab ; Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol ; Lower vitamin D status is associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Nutrients ; 10, ;doi Effect of monthly high-dose vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular disease in the Vitamin D Assessment Study: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Cardiol ; Cardiovascular disease and vitamin D supplementation: Trial analysis, systematic review, and meta-analysis.

Effect of vitamin D supplementation on serum lipid profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating individual patient data. Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on blood pressure in adults: An updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis ; Association of vitamin D status with arterial blood pressure and hypertension risk: A mendelian randomisation study.

Lancet Diabetes-Endocrinol ; Vitamin D deficiency and depression in adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry ; Vitamin D supplementation to reduce depression in adults: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrition ; No improvement in depressive symptoms by vitamin D supplementation: Results from a randomised controlled trial. Journal of Nutrition Science ; Vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of depression and poor physical function in older persons: The D-Vitaal study, a randomized clinical trial.

Vitamin D: No cure for depression. Effect of long-term vitamin D3 supplementation vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: A randomized clinical trial. Multiple sclerosis. Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews , issue 9, Art. DOI: Vitamin D and multiple sclerosis: A comprehensive review. Neurol Ther ; Neurology ; Serum hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis.

Wadell G, Sundstrom P. Vitamin D as a protective factor in multiple sclerosis. Neurology ; Preventing multiple sclerosis: To take vitamin D or not to take vitamin D? The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. See the Healthy Start website for more information.

Taking too many vitamin D supplements over a long period of time can cause too much calcium to build up in the body hypercalcaemia. This can weaken the bones and damage the kidneys and the heart. If you choose to take vitamin D supplements, 10 micrograms a day will be enough for most people. Do not take more than micrograms 4, IU of vitamin D a day as it could be harmful.

This applies to adults, including pregnant and breastfeeding women and the elderly, and children aged 11 to 17 years. Children aged 1 to 10 years should not have more than 50 micrograms 2, IU a day. Infants under 12 months should not have more than 25 micrograms 1, IU a day. Some people have medical conditions that mean they may not be able to safely take as much. If in doubt, you should consult your doctor.

If your doctor has recommended you take a different amount of vitamin D, you should follow their advice. You cannot overdose on vitamin D through exposure to sunlight. But always remember to cover up or protect your skin if you're out in the sun for long periods to reduce the risk of skin damage and skin cancer. August 7, National Academies Press. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. July Randomized Controlled Trial. Study Design Himmelfarb Health Sciences Library.

The George Washington University. May Sahay M, Sahay R. Rickets — Vitamin D Deficiency and Dependency. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. March—April Mayo Clinic. May 24, April 29, July 7, Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology. November Seasonal Affective Disorder.

National Institute of Mental Health. March Cowen P, Browning M. World Psychiatry. June February Bolland MJ, Avenell A. European Heart Journal. December 21, New England Journal of Medicine.